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Care and Feeding of Your Sewing
Machine
by Londa Rohlfing
Sewing has been my passion since I’ve sewn almost constantly from age
fourteen. Since then, I earned my B.S. in Home Economics, and did custom
dressmaking many years while the kids were young. It wasn’t until I
opened a fabric shop and machine dealership at age thirty-eight that I
really learned and came to understand some of the basic mechanics about
sewing machines that could have made all those years far less tearful.
Read on…and, just maybe, what I have to share can even save you a repair
bill. Though most certainly, what I’ve learned and share here can make
YOUR precious sewing hours more frustration-free!
Thread
Always buy more that you think you’ll need! If you’re a serious sewer,
you’ll use it eventually. Time is too treasured to run out and be
delayed having to stop until you can get more. Personally, I swear by
Swiss Metrosene thread. My ‘default’ thread is 50/3 wt cotton (blue
printing on the spool). This is a basic top quality thread that sewing
machines were invented to sew with. It is the perfect choice for
cottons, wools, etc. You may find it hard to find the full color
selection available though. Try your local quilt shop. If sewing a knit,
or anywhere stretch is needed, be sure to use 100% polyester (Metrosene’s
red or black printing on the spool). For lightweight fabrics, 60/2 fine
wt 100% cotton (green printing on spool) is my choice. I also love Tire
Silk Thread for lightweight fabric and handwork. I keep this in basic –
and my core wardrobe – colors. I steer completely away from
cotton-wrapped polyester – what was invented to be a great hybrid of
cotton and polyester; but it comes nowhere close in my opinion. Never
buy the 5 for $1 thread at a discount store! Examine thread: if it is
furry – just imagine all that fluff compacting in your sewing machine!
In general, select a thread whose diameter is a close as possible to the
threads your fabric is constructed of. Don’t use a thread stronger than
your fabric! Why? If there is undue stress on a seam, you WANT the
thread to give and break – rather than have the fabric tear and pull
away from the stressed seam! Regrettably, there is no consumer-available
numbering system for thread weight that covers all thread manufacturers.
However, within the Metrosene line it is quite valuable. Remember this:
The higher the number, the finer the thread. When the weight is given
like 50/3: this means that this is 50 wt thread, and 3 ply (3 yarns
twisted together to give you the thread you see.)
Machine Needles
Schmetz needles work in all machines. Use Singer needles ONLY in Singer
machines. For sergers – be sure to consult your manual and use exactly
the needle designated! CHANGE YOUR NEEDLE WITH EVERY PROJECT if you want
to be nice to your sewing machine! It’s like taking your car in to have
the oil changed, or checking the air in your tires…even filling the gas
tank! Using a dull needle is putting undue stress on your machine. Every
time a stitch is made, MUCH has to happen in a certain sequence, and
none of that CAN happen properly and in the right timing if your needle
has trouble penetrating the fabric and making a loop below that the hook
grabs and interacts with to make a stitch. Keep an old film canister or
baby jar handy for safe old needle disposal. To make a believer of you,
find Sew News, October 2001, an article named “Point Well-Taken” by
Clarissa Vierrether to see microscopic photos of used needles. Thread
breakage will also become a problem with an old needle as not only the
tip can become dull or bent, but the eye can even get a groove worn in
it! Sew…change needles frequently to prevent skipped stitches, fabric
pulls, and frayed threads.
Schmetz Needles come in a variety of types and different sizes within
each type. For machine needles, remember this: The higher the number,
the larger the needle (and eye). (By the way – it goes opposite for this
for hand sewing needles. I’m SURE a man decided that!) In general,
always select the smallest needle that will accommodate your (properly
chosen) thread and form a good stitch.
I recommend the “Denim/Sharp” needles for all firmly woven fabrics (in
addition to the mis-leading “Denim” name). These needles have a bue
stripe on them. These needles have a sharp point that pierces the fibers
of densely woven fabrics easily and quickly. So – if I’m sewing a cotton
gabardine or broadcloth, I’ll use a Denim Sharp Needle. If it is a
lightweight firmly woven fabric, I’ll use a size 70 Denim/ Sharp needle.
If sewing a knit, select the Stretch Needle. These have a slightly
rounded tip that separates the yarns of knit fabric rather than piercing
them. A stretch needle is most commonly used – and has a yellow stripe
for easy ID. These needles are designed to prevent skipped stitches – a
frequent problem with knits. There is a hump above the eye to force a
larger loop, they have a shaved shank to position the needle closer to
the hook and make the loop easier to pick up by the hook, thereby
reducing skipped stitches. An SUK or “Ball Point” Needle is only
necessary if sewing very heavy knit, Spandex or girdle-like material. I
don’t generally even have these in my vast needle collection, nor do I
carry them other than on a special order basis.
Universal Needles (or H) are not sharp or rounded tip. They are an
all-purpose needle for most knits and wovens, but in my estimation, not
as good of a selection as a denim/Sharp or a Stretch needle. These are
probably the most commonly used needle. As you become more of a
connoisseur of sewing, you’ll use them less often: opting for the other,
more specific use needles instead.
For microfibers and very, very lightweight silky fabrics, the MicroTex
Needle has been developed. This needle is extremely slender, and has a
slimmer point. They have a violet stripe.
Quilting needles are designed to penetrate multiple payers of fabric and
have a green stripe.
Embroidery Needles (red stripe) are designed to be used with embroidery
threads that are heavier or thick-thin in their make-up. They have a
larger eye, deeper groove, and a very light ballpoint to reduce skipped
stitches, frayed threads and damaged fabrics.
Topstitching Needles or N needles are designed to accommodate larger
threads, and the eye is larger than the regular needles. I use these for
topstitching with heavier threads, and with Cotty Thread to create hand
tatted looks with my Pfaff as per Cindy Loosekamp books.
Leather Needles have a wedge shaped point to cut instead of tear
leathers.
Threading your Machine
I have three important clues (in addition to first following your
manual) for successful and proper threading:
1. Thread a machine with the presser foot UP. When up, the tension discs
are open, and the thread can easily slip back in between the tension
discs where it belongs. When the presser foot is lowered, the tension
discs close and apply tension to the thread. So many times, when a
frustrated customer walked in with their sewing machine they would
inevitably say “Something is wrong with my bobbin tension…it is all
loopy!” I immediately knew – and had to patiently explain(and prove)
that it was the TOP thread, NOT the bobbin thread that was looping on
the bottom (proven by using different colors on top and bottom). Reason?
No tension on top thread. Why? Because the thread wasn’t IN the tension
discs to get ‘squeezed’! Now…How did it happen? By threading with the
presser foot down (meaning tension discs were closed). Do yourself a
favor, and go back and re-read this paragraph and understand it. J
If your sewing machine has a needle threader (worth their weight in
gold, and if you have it, learn to use it!!!), when you get to that
point in threading, tension on the thread makes it work better, so just
before threading the needle, lower the presser foot. You should feel a
BIG difference in the ‘pull’ on the thread depending on if the presser
foot lifter is up or down. If you don’t, the thread is NOT being
squeezed by the tension disc!
2. Don’t miss the take-up lever! That part is akin to your arm pulling
the thread tight with each stitch…missing the take-up lever will cause
your machine to cough – screech – yell; and for sure, not sew! My ears
can always tell when this is the problem in a class. The ‘clear’ smoke
or clear monofilament nylon threads are especially notorious for humping
out of this all-important guide.
3. Bobbins…there is no such thing as a generic bobbin!!!!! Use only the
EXACT bobbin your machine has been designed to work with!!! For proper
winding, be sure you have a tightly, firmly wound bobbin. If you can
easily stick your fingernail into the thread on a bobbin, you have what
I called a “mushy bobbin”, and you should place it on the spool and
rewind to a new bobbin. Make sure you don’t miss the little tension
button for the bobbin winding system. Again, consult that sewing machine
manual. Also – wind a bobbin slowly – especially if you are using a
stretchy, polyester thread. Winding fast stretches the thread which will
then relax when stitched into a seam causing puckers! For proper
threading of the bobbin: verify this with your sewing machine manual;
but in most drop-in bobbin machines, when pulling the thread, the bobbin
should rotate counter clockwise. For sewing machines with a removable
auxillary bobbin case, if looking directly at the bobbin in the case in
your hand, pulling the thread causes the bobbin to rotate clockwise.
Consult your manual!
“Operator Error” – 2 words I meekly spoke many times! It seems it is EZ
to fall into bad habits, or do something so often that you may think
you’re doing it right, only to discover you just fell into a bad habit.
Enough said! J
If you think thread feeds off the spool and travels straight through the
thread path and needle eye into fabric, think again! I’ll always
remember sitting on an airplane reading in a book by Gale Grigg Hazen
after a class at fabric market that “the thread travels back and forth
through the eye of the needle…even into and out of the fabric numerous
times (like 15 to 20) before it finally is stitched into a seam”!!!! I
couldn’t wait to get home and see if this was REALLY true! Prove this
phenomenon to yourself as I always did first thing with students in our
class of the same name as this column…Care & Feeding of your sewing
Machine. Thread up with white thread. With a magic marker, color a big
blotch of black on the thread somewhere close to the tape up lever. Set
machine to slow speed, long stitch length, and sew… keeping your eye on
the black spot. After this experiment, you’ll most surely have a new
appreciation for compatible size of machine needle and thread! Needle
eye size increases with the size of the needle. Too small of a needle
eye will cause undue abrasion and thread breakage. Too large of a needle
eye for size thread is also not good because the thread wallows around
in the eye and yields skipped stitches.
Tension Headaches
People always came in wanting a sewing machine with “auto adjusting
tension”. It still makes me chuckle. My common response: “Well.. tension
mechanisms are far better than in the days you were threatened within an
inch of your life if you ‘touched the knob’…but I haven’t seen a machine
yet with eyes and feelers. No machine is any better than its’ operator.”
I am fully aware that top-of-the-line sewing machines’ tension has
become quite sophisticated; but I still maintain that no machine knows
needle, thread, fabric, stabilizer (or lack of), and my stitch
preferences…and all of these factors affect tension. At what number
should the dial be??? Depends on all of the above Actually, a good
sewing machine mechanic can make the tension be a perfect stitch at any
number you tell them. Just remember this: Low is Loose and High is
Tight. In other words, a low number means Loose tension -0 the discs are
further apart ant there is less ‘squeeze’ on the thread. A Hi number
means higher tension and there is more squeeze on the thread. (All of
this applies to serger tension as well!). Size of thread, then, makes a
difference. If you are using a fat topstitching thread – even without
changing the tension dial – you have now increased the upper tension.
For a good topstitch, you may well have to lower the upper tension by
dialing to a lesser number. Consider the opposite scenario: Suppose you
are using a monofilament nylon thread (very skinny, and fine and
slippery). Might you then not have to perhaps increase the squeeze
(tension) on the thread by dialing to a higher number? Makes sense;
doesn’t it? For regular sewing; upper and lower (bobbin) threads should
interlock in the center of the fabric; thereby looking identical on both
sides. This assumes you are using the same thread in both locations! If
thread lies straight and tight, it means it is too tight; so loosen it
(lower number). If thread is ‘loosy goosey and loopy, it is too loose:
so tighten it (higher number).
To ‘sew off’ a machine as a dealer, we would always use 50 wt cotton
thread in 2 different colors; top and bobbin. ‘Fabric’ was that infamous
“Demo Cloth” – which sits around like a roll at dealers’ shops. It is
quite convenient for this because it is stiff, thereby ‘stabilized”
providing an EZ ‘standardized” cloth for testing tension. (But, always
take a sampling of fabrics YOU commonly sew on and ask to sit alone with
a machine to test drive before making a machine decision!) I found it
easiest to test for balanced tension by using a long, wide zig zag (zz)
stitch. If balanced, you should only see a speck of the other sides’
color at each tip of the zz. Adjust on this stitch – using upper tension
knob – then go to straight stitch and it should be perfect tension.
In creative sewing, there will be many times you are doing decorative
stitching, or using odd threads. To do so successfully, you absolutely
MUST understand tension and TOUCH that dial!!! Example: on the
sweatshirts I transform into jackets for sale at galleries (I’ll be
offering an online class in February), I often used smoke or clear
monofilament from YLI (the only one I’ll use) in the needle to invisibly
tack down a decorative fabric or couch a decorative yarn. The bobbin
thread remained the same – Metrosene polyester. If I left the tension
the same as regular sewing, the bottom thread would have pulled to the
top. So – I had to drastically lower (lower number) the upper tension.
Doing so, in essence, increased the bobbin tension and that then pulled
the looser top monofilament thread to the bottom so that all that was
seen on the top was the invisible monofilament. When doing decorative
stitches – the filled-in, satiny ones on your machine, even plain old zz
as appliqué, you almost Always will need to lower the upper tension.
Why? So that the top is soft, fills in, and so that there is enough
‘play’ in the top thread to be pulled to the bottom where it locks with
the bobbin thread. If you would try to do appliqué with balanced
tension, you would have to wind a matching colored bobbin for every
color of top thread you use, as you would surely see a speck of the
bobbin thread at each point of the zz. In appliqué and decorative satiny
stitching, you actually want unbalanced tension! Some computerized
machines actually automatically adjust tension to this when you select
these types of stitches, of on zz, when you decrease the length to a
certain level that the machine ‘knows’ you will be doing appliqué. I
suppose this is an OK feature (though I’d never pay more for it), BUT,
there are still variables that the machine can’t ‘see’ or ‘feel’ – thus:
not machine is any better than its’ operator. YOU need to adjust the
tension to get the desired stitch. Most tension adjustments can be made
with using just the upper tension, but I feel serious sewers should also
ask their dealers for instruction on adjusting of the bobbin tension as
well. This is especially needed when doing ‘upside-down bobbin work’
where a fat, decorative thread or ribbon is place din the bobbin and the
right side of the fabric is placed down against the bed of the sewing
machine.
Handling Technique
The final crucial element of successful sewing is an awareness of the
effect of grain and fabric handling techniques as you actually stitch a
seam. The keyword is TAUT. Not stretched, but TAUT. Your left hand
always belongs behind the presser foot and your right hand in front of
the presser foot, creating a taut surface for stitching in order to have
a nice seam. This is emphatically true especially on straight grain
seams. Without taut technique, a seam that is straight grain will
inevitably pucker – even with the best thread, proper needle, and the
most expensive sewing machine! Why? Because straight grain, vertical,
lengthwise warp yarns in a fabric are stronger and have no ‘give’. Prove
this to yourself: take a piece of firmly woven muslin, broadcloth, etc.
and without any taut technique, just stitch with a balanced tension,
stitch length of normal 2.5 (10 to 12 stitches per inch). Then pivot 90
degrees and stitch. The lengthwise grain (warp) will be the stitching
that is puckering the fabric. The crosswise grain(weft) will be the
nicer0looking stitching line. This is because the cross grain (weft)
threads have some ‘give’ that stretches ever-so-slightly and creates a
better looking seam.
I do hope this information will prove helpful to sewers of all levels. I
I know that I never stop learning! Experts (who I’m proud to call
friends) along the way to whom I owe the most for the above
understanding and techniques include: April Dunn, Carol Ahles, and Gale
Grigg Hazen. Always read anything by them you can get your hands on! To
them and many others for teaching and sharing, I am ‘sew’ thankful. If I
can become one of those teachers for you, I would be honored. Now – let
your sewing machine know who is the Boss, and go forth and sew!
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